When you work in project management, you know that every new project brings with it inherent challenges and opportunities. The project manager's job is to determine which strategies, tools, and techniques will best meet the needs of each unique project and its team members.
Different project management methodologies exist to empower project managers to lead teams successfully while ensuring that deliverables meet specific deadlines and budgets. With a better understanding of some of the most tried-and-true project management methodologies and their use cases, project managers and those aspiring can lead with confidence.
What Is a Project Management Methodology?
A project management methodology refers to a set of techniques, tools, principles, and strategies for successfully completing projects from start to finish. Typically, project managers apply different methodologies based on the team's specific needs and the project's desired outcomes.
When the right project management methodology is chosen, project managers can mitigate risk, ensure team members are on the same page, and keep projects on track in terms of deadline and budget. Meanwhile, choosing a specific methodology gives project managers a set of "rules" or basic guidance to follow as they inevitably navigate different obstacles and roadblocks.
Popular Project Management Methodologies
While there are literally dozens of different project management methodologies , we've compiled this list of the 20 most popular to help you familiarize yourself with the most commonly used ones.
Agile
If you've done any kind of project management work or have even been part of a team working on a project, you've probably heard of the Agile methodology. Agile centers around a framework that enables flexibility, collaboration, and innovation among team members.
Using the Agile methodology, larger projects are broken down into smaller phases (known as sprints), and teams take time to reflect on each sprint and make improvements as needed throughout the project. Many project managers enjoy using Agile because it fosters flexibility, teamwork, and transparency while keeping team members on-task.
Agile project management tends to work best in the software development sphere, but it can be useful in just about any project where there is a need for accountability between steps.
Waterfall
Another common project management methodology is the waterfall approach, which is characterized by its cascading nature — the phases of each project flow downward. Using the waterfall methodology, nobody moves on to the next phase until the current one is completed.
This methodology is a popular choice among project managers due to its highly structured approach, which makes for clear goal-setting and straightforward accountability. This approach tends to be best for projects that require a lot of structure with minimal flexibility or need for change.
Scrum
The Scrum methodology has been used in software development for many years. It is similar to the Agile framework in the sense that it relies on sprints to get things done. However, unlike Agile, Scrum values individuals over processes/tools and is typically used for smaller teams (such as those with 10 people or less).
In addition to its use in software development, Scrum can also be useful in product development and other complex projects with specific project goals. A project manager who uses this approach may also be referred to as a scrum master.
Kanban
The Kanban method is a visual approach to project management that relies on Kanban boards where everybody on the team can see individual tasks, who they are assigned to, and when they are due. By keeping project workflow visible to all team members and allowing each task to be marked as "to do," "in progress," or "done," workflows can stay streamlined and everybody can stay on the same page.
The Kanban method was designed for manufacturing and software, and it still tends to work best for these applications. However, Kanban boards can be useful in other industries as well, and project management software with built-in Kanban board features makes it relatively easy to implement.
Scrumban
The Scrumban approach to project management is actually a combination of Scrum and kanban. Scrumban utilizes the overall structure and flexibility components of Scrum while adding the visual workflow of a Kanban board into the mix. The result is a comprehensive project management methodology that can be applied to projects of all sizes and scopes, although it is best suited for projects with the potential to undergo a lot of change throughout the process.
Lean
The Lean project management method, as the name suggests, is focused on cutting unnecessary components and waste from different processes within a given project. The idea of Lean project management is to meet project goals and deadlines while optimizing resources and minimizing waste as much as possible. When this method is executed successfully, the result is reduced costs, improved deliverable quality, and greater client satisfaction.
Lean is often used in software development and manufacturing, but it can be useful in any project where the goal is to eliminate waste and optimize efficiency.
Six Sigma
For decades, the Six Sigma method has been used to improve quality control in product testing/development, reduce costs related to errors, and boost customer satisfaction overall. More specifically, this methodology relies on applying a series of five steps to achieve desired results:
- Define goals and objectives.
- Measure performance along the way.
- Analyze what's working versus what's not working.
- Making improvements where needed.
- Exploring ways to control and improve performance consistently.
Developed by Motorola, Six Sigma is ideal for use in larger organizations with many team members (100 or more).
PRINCE2
PRINCE2 is a project management methodology that stands for PRojects IN Controlled Environments, and it incorporates a set of principles that include outlining project scopes, determining budgets ahead of time, task management, and careful resource management. This process-based and structured approach offers a small amount of flexibility, but is largely centered around keeping projects moving forward and on schedule throughout each defined stage.
This project management methodology was first developed by the UK government for use in IT projects. That said, it is ideal for larger and more complex projects but is not as easily adapted to smaller projects.
Critical Path Method (CPM)
The Critical Path Method of project management is unique in that it begins with building a complete model of a project from start to finish. The "critical path" refers to the longest sequence of tasks required to complete the project. It is identified to optimize resource use, streamline scheduling, and ensure team members stay on track with their tasks and deadlines.
CPM is one of just a few methods that is ideal for smaller or even mid-sized projects. Because CPM requires careful outlining and modeling of projects from start to finish, it may be too complex for larger projects.
Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM)
The Critical Chain Project Management approach focuses not so much on the individual tasks needed to complete a project, but the resources required. This includes team members, physical space, office equipment, and the like. The transparency offered by CCPM can make it easier for teams to work together and make the best use of resources, which can result in faster project completion and greater productivity.
While not ideal for every project, CCPM best practices can be especially useful in software development, construction, and research.
eXtreme Programming (XP)
While the name may make this methodology sound a little more intense than it actually is, eXtreme Programming is a project management approach designed for software development teams who must typically work with short development cycles. With this method, team members draw on components of the Agile framework along with rapid feedback loops and a focus on team collaboration to meet project goals.
PMI’s PMBOK
The Project Management Institute (PMI) has developed its own method, known as the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) that covers 10 different project management knowledge areas and how to apply them.
When carried out properly, this framework can help project managers gain a better sense of control over their teams and projects while optimizing resources and fostering better communication among team members. Plus, because its principles can be applied to projects of any size and scope, this project methodology can be used in just about any context.
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a project management methodology that emphasizes quick development and iteration of prototypes over rigid planning. It allows project teams to rapidly adjust based on feedback, making it ideal for software developers working under tight deadlines. RAD supports continuous improvement by fostering collaboration between developers and users throughout the development process, leading to more refined and user-friendly solutions. Compared to the waterfall method, RAD is far more flexible and better suited for projects with evolving requirements.
Adaptive Project Framework (APF)
The Adaptive Project Framework (APF) is designed for projects where change is inevitable. It blends structured planning with adaptive execution, making it a core part of adaptive project management. APF empowers project teams to make data-driven adjustments as they progress, ensuring alignment with shifting goals or market needs. This framework is especially effective for complex or ambiguous projects where traditional methodologies like waterfall project management may fall short. Its flexible cycles make it similar to agile approaches in both mindset and execution.
Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)
The Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) is a visual project planning technique that maps out task dependencies and sequencing. Often used alongside a Gantt chart, PDM helps project managers identify the critical path and optimize timelines by showing which tasks can run in parallel and which must occur in sequence. This methodology is highly effective for complex projects requiring detailed scheduling, such as construction or large-scale engineering initiatives. PDM’s structured format aligns well with waterfall method principles.
Crystal
Crystal is a family of agile approaches that emphasizes people, interactions, and the specific needs of a project team over rigid processes. It adapts to the type of project, team size, and risk level, making it especially suitable for smaller agile teams working in fast-paced environments. Crystal values frequent delivery, reflective improvement, and close communication, aligning it with lean methodology and scrumban methodology principles. Its flexibility supports a culture of continuous improvement and innovation.
New Product Introduction
New Product Introduction (NPI) is a structured methodology used to guide the launch of new products from concept through delivery. It integrates cross-functional collaboration, risk assessment, and stage-gate reviews into the development process, ensuring products meet quality and market standards. NPI is often used in manufacturing, tech, and consumer goods, where timely and successful product launches are critical. It involves extensive project planning, making it suitable for both agile teams and more traditional setups depending on the product’s complexity.
Event Chain
The Event Chain methodology focuses on identifying and managing events and event chains that affect project schedules. By modeling how uncertainties and external influences impact task dependencies, Event Chain analysis helps teams prepare for potential delays or disruptions. Often paired with a Gantt chart, this method enhances risk analysis and schedule optimization in time-sensitive or high-risk projects. It complements other types of project management by offering a deeper layer of analysis during the project planning phase.
Dynamic Systems Development
Dynamic Systems Development is an agile methodology rooted in the RAD approach but evolved to offer more structure and governance. It emphasizes active user involvement, iterative development, and frequent delivery of functional components. Best suited for software developers, this methodology ensures that solutions meet business needs while maintaining control over time, cost, and quality. Its iterative cycles support continuous improvement, making it a flexible yet disciplined approach for a wide type of project.
Package Enabled Reengineering (PER)
Package Enabled Reengineering (PER) is a methodology used when organizations implement enterprise software packages (like ERP systems). Rather than customizing software to fit existing processes, PER encourages reengineering business processes to align with the software’s best practices. This approach streamlines implementation, reduces risk, and improves efficiency. PER requires strong project planning and collaboration among various departments, making it ideal for transformation-driven initiatives. It often intersects with lean methodology to optimize business outcomes.
How to Choose the Right Project Management Methodology
While many project managers will "default" to using the same few methodologies, the reality is that no two projects are exactly alike. In fact, projects can vary drastically in terms of their size, scope, budget, complexity, and the team members involved. With this in mind, it's generally best for project managers to carefully select and execute a methodology for each project based on these many different factors.
When choosing a project management methodology, it's also a good idea to consider client/stakeholder involvement. When clients are more involved in projects, it's generally best to choose a flexible methodology that allows for some variation along the way. On the other hand, a complex project with minimal client involvement may call for a more strict and rigid approach.
As you gain more experience in project management, choosing the right methodologies to suit your objectives will become easier. Likewise, the more you work with different project management methodologies, the more comfortable you'll become using them to your advantage.
Ready to Learn More About Project Management?
With so many different project management methodologies to choose from, successful project managers must be able to choose the strategies that best suit their specific goals and objectives. By knowing how to apply and carry out the right methodology, teams can find success with even the most complex projects.
Looking to enhance your project management skills and prepare for the responsibilities and challenges that come along with this type of role? If so, then it may be time to explore Champlain College Online's master's degree in project management. This 30-credit-hour program is designed to be completed in as little as six terms, offering students the opportunity to develop their leadership and communication skills in a supportive learning environment. Plus, this program is offered fully online, so working professionals can advance their education without putting their professional lives on hold.
Get in touch to learn more about our master's in project management program or any other program offered at Champlain College Online. You can also get started with your online admission application here.
